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ื”ืืžื ื ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืจืžื‘"ื?

ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืืจื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ื”ื•ื: "ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืจืžื‘"ื". ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืจ ื•ื›ื–ื‘, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืชืขืชืข ื•ืœื–ื”ื ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื•ืืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื โ€“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”"ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš" ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื• ืงึดืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืื• ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืงืจื‘ ื–ื”-ืืœ-ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.


ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืžืกื™ืชื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืขืžึผึตื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื•ืžืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ื–ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ืš ื™ืืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ื›ืกื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•"ืข: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื• ืœื”ืฉื‚ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื? ื•ื”ืœื ื”'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš' ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื• ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื 'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”'. ืืœืžื“ ืืคื•ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืืช ื”'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš' ื•'ืืจื•ื•ื™ื—' ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš' ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื".


ืœื ืืชืคืœื ืืคื•ื ืื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืฉืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืขืžึผึตื ื• ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืชื’ืœื” ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžืกืš ื”ืฉืงืจ ืžืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื—ื– ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื‚ื™ื’ ื›ื ื’ื“ื• โ€“ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™-ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉ"ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”" ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืœื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืืฃ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ. ื•ื–ื• ื“ืจื›ื, ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืคืš ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.


ืื•ืœื, ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•"ืข ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื“-ืžืื“ ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืืฉื›ื ื– ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.


ื. ื”ืฉืžื˜ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”


ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจืื™ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืžื‘"ืžื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื˜ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžื. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื•, ืื•ืœื, ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉืจื‘ื ื• ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข (=ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืขืช), ื•ืกื›ืœื•ืชื• ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืืœื™ืœื•ืช ืืฃ ื–ื™ื”ืžื• ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกื™ืœื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืžื™ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื "ืžืฆื•ื•ืช" ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ.


ื•ืœื ืจืง ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข, ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื•: ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื—ื›ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื ืฉืžื˜ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื•"ืข, ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ืืฃ ืื™ืžืฅ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืžืขึปื•ื•ืชืช ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ืฉืจื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ "ื“ึผึทืข ืึถืช ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึฐื“ึตื”ื•ึผ" (ื“ื”"ื ื›ื—, ื˜) โ€“ ืื™ื ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื– ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืฆืข ื•ื”ืชืื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื ื•, ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ื•ื "ื›ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืคืจ ื’ื•ืžื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืื• ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืขืจ". ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงืืคื—, ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืงื•ืจื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช "ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”", ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืืคื— ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•:


"[ื”ืจืžื‘"ื] ืงืจื ืฉื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื” 'ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”' ื•ืœื 'ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”' ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื ื•, ืžื™ ืฉืึถื ึผึดื“ึฐืžึถื” ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”' ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ื’ื ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื•".


ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืฉื‚ื ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ึดืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ืกื•ืคื• ืœืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืื“ ืขื“-ื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื”ื•, ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื” (ื’, ื ื):


"ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”, [ืื] ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ืš ื›ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืคืจ ื’ื•ืžื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืื• ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืœื ืžืžื™ ื‘ื [ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืืœ-ืืžืช ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื•] ื•ืœื ืžื” ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• [ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•] โ€“ ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื’ืขืช ืืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ืืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื– ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื: 'ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืคึดื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐืจึธื—ื•ึนืง ืžึดื›ึผึดืœึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื' [ื™ืจ' ื™ื‘, ื‘]".


ื•ืืœ ื™ื”ื ืงืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ืขื•ื ืฉื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื•ื•ื ื ื”ืงืฉื”:


"ืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท ื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐ ืจึฐืฉึธืืขึดื™ื ืฆึธืœึตื—ึธื” ืฉึธืืœื•ึผ ื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึนึผื’ึฐื“ึตื™ ื‘ึธื’ึถื“? ื ึฐื˜ึทืขึฐืชึธึผื ื’ึทึผื ืฉึนืืจึธืฉืื•ึผ ื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื’ึทึผื ืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ืคึถืจึดื™ [ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืื™ื ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฉืจื ื•ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื] ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘ ืึทืชึธึผื” ื‘ึฐึผืคึดื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐืจึธื—ื•ึนืง ืžึดื›ึดึผืœึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื. ื•ึฐืึทืชึธึผื” ื™ึฐื™ึธ ื™ึฐื“ึทืขึฐืชึธึผื ึดื™ ืชึดึผืจึฐืึตื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึธื—ึทื ึฐืชึธึผ ืœึดื‘ึดึผื™ ืึดืชึธึผืšึฐ ื”ึทืชึดึผืงึตื ื›ึฐึผืฆึนืืŸ ืœึฐื˜ึดื‘ึฐื—ึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืงึฐื“ึดึผืฉึตืื ืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึฒืจึตื’ึธื”".


ื•ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื”.


ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืœื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื›ืคื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื‘ืืจ, ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืžื˜ื”-ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืœื•ืช, ื•ื›ึนื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื” (ื’, ื›ื˜):


"ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”ื [ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ืžืื•ืžืช ื”'ืฆืื‘ื”'] [...] ื•ืกื™ืคืจื• ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• [...] ื•ืžืฉืงืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ [=ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ 'ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช'], ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื“ืขืช ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืกื›ืœื•ืช".


ื ืžืฆื, ืฉื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืกื›ืœื•ืช. ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืจื‘ื ื• ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืกืคืจื• "ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”" ื‘"ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื‚ื›ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื“ืขืช, ืœืจื•ืžืžื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืงึผึตืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืœึฐืฉื‚ึทื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึน ืœืžืขืœืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืžืช, ืœืขื•ืจืจื• ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื”', ื™ืจืืชื•, ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื•, ืœื”ืื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืžืช ื™ืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: ืœื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ืกื•ึนื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžื.


ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืืคื—: "ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืœื ืืœื”ื™ ืืžืช, ื•ืžื” ืขืจืš ืื-ื›ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”?" (ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืž' ื™ื˜).


ื‘. ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืื’ื™ื”


ืจืื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืจื™ื—ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ืงืืจื• ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช: ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื— ืจืขื”, ืžื™ื ืจืขื™ื, ืฉื“ื™ื, ื”ื—ืžืจื” ืžืื’ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืžืื’ื™ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื“ืช ืžืฉื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ื—ื“ืจื• ืœื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื“ืชื•ืช ืืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœืฉืคืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจืข ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื”ื–ืจื”.


ื•ื ืฆืจืฃ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงืœื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ืคื™"ื, ื•ื›ึนื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•:


"ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ [ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื™ื ืฉื] ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืงืจ ื•ื›ื–ื‘ ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”ื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ื‘ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืขืœื” [=ืชื•ืขืœืช], ืฉื ืืžืจ: 'ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื ึทื—ึทืฉื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืงึถืกึถื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ' [ื‘ืž' ื›ื’, ื›ื’]. ื•ื ืืžืจ: 'ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื™ื•ึนืจึตืฉื ืื•ึนืชึธื ืึถืœ ืžึฐืขึนื ึฐื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืงึนืกึฐืžึดื™ื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึธืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ืœึนื ื›ึตืŸ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึฐืšึธ ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ' [ื“ื‘' ื™ื—, ื™ื“].


ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ [ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช], ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืกืจื” ืื•ืชืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชืŸ ืฉืœืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืชืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื”, ืืœื ืชื”ื• ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ื ื˜ืฉื• ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืžืช ื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ. ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื”ื‘ืœื™ื: 'ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืขึดื ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ' [ื“ื‘' ื™ื—, ื™ื’; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืœ ืชื™ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืื’ื™ื” ืืœื ืื—ื•ึนื– ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืจื”]".


ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืžืช! ื•ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื”ืื“ื ืžืžืœื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืฆืœื ื”ืืœื•ื” ืฉื‘ื•, ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืœืชื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ื•ืช.


ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืชื” ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงืืคื— ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข (ืขืž' ืงื ื–): "ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืื• ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžืœืืš, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื". ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืงืืคื— ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•: "ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•", ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื—ื ืงืืจื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื ื•? ื•ื›ื™ ืงืืจื•, ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžืœืืš ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื–ืืช ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื? ื•ืื ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืœืคื— ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื“ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ืขืจืš ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืงืืจื• ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืง ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืœื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.


ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืืจื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื›ึผึธืฉึทืืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื”, ืื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืงืืคื— ืžืกื™ื™ื’ ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืจืง ืœ"ื™ืžื™ื ื•", ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืกืงื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืฉืงืจ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืืคื— ื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืืš ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ืกืชืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘, ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืฉืงืจ. ืืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ึดื˜ืชื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืขืชื” ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœืงืืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืช: "ืžืจืŸ", ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจืžื•ื– ืฉืงืืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื• ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœืกืœืฃ ื•ืœื›ื–ื‘ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘"ื™ืžื™ื ื•"...


ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืืฉืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ื›ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื–ืจื—-ืžืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืžื’ื•ืžื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืžื“ืขื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื• ืœืงืืจื• โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœื”ื™! ื•ื›ึนื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• (ืขืž' ืจืขื•): "ืžื” ืฉื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™ ืžืžื ื• [=ืžืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”] ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื‘ื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœื”ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ". ื•ืื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœื”ื™, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืงืืคื— ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ (ืขืž' 17): "ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ (ืขืž' 19): "ื”ืจื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืกืคืจ ื–ื” 'ืขืจืฉ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“' [=ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื]" โ€“ ื”ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืกืคืจื• ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื—ื ืงืืจื• "ืžื’ื™ื“-ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื" ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœื”ื™? ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื ืง.


ื’. ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืคื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”


ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืืจื• ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœืคื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืคืกื™ืงื” ืื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžืช. ืงืืจื• ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืคื™ ืคืกื™ืงืช ืจื•ื‘ "ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืืฉืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื“ืขืช: "ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ึทื— ืžึตืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืžึตื”ึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ืœึดื‘ึผึนืชึธื" (ื™ืฉ' ืžื“, ื™ื—). ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืจื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ื ืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืกืง ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื— ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื• ืœืคื™ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืกืคืจื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื”. ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืงืืจื• ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื“ืช ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ืช ืœืงื•ืจื“ื•ื ืœื—ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืืžืช, ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืช ืืœื ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ื”ืฉื‚ืจืจื”, ื”ืžืฉื‚ื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ืื”.


ื“. ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืžืฆื—ื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–


ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืืจื• ืžืœื ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื. ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื–ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’'ื•ื—ื ื”ื ืจืฆืข ื’ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืชื™, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื•ืื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื“ ืžืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ื ืืžื ื” ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืžืชื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช.


"ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืึตืœึถึผื” ื‘ึทึผื™ึทึผื™ึดืŸ ืฉึธืื’ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึตึผืื›ึธืจ ืชึธึผืขื•ึผ, ื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ื•ึฐื ึธื‘ึดื™ื [=ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื] ืฉึธืื’ื•ึผ ื‘ึทืฉึตึผืื›ึธืจ ื ึดื‘ึฐืœึฐืขื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึทึผื™ึดืŸ ืชึธึผืขื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฉึตึผืื›ึธืจ ืฉึธืื’ื•ึผ ื‘ึธึผืจึนืึถื” ืคึธึผืงื•ึผ ืคึฐึผืœึดื™ืœึดื™ึธึผื”. ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึธึผืœ ืฉึปืืœึฐื—ึธื ื•ึนืช ืžึธืœึฐืื•ึผ ืงึดื™ื ืฆึนืึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืœึดื™ ืžึธืงื•ึนื [=ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืœืื• ืžืคื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืืจื•]. ืึถืช ืžึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืจึถื” ื“ึตืขึธื” ื•ึฐืึถืช ืžึดื™ ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืฉึฐืืžื•ึผืขึธื” ื’ึฐึผืžื•ึผืœึตื™ ืžึตื—ึธืœึธื‘ ืขึทืชึดึผื™ืงึตื™ ืžึดืฉึธึผืื“ึธื™ึดื [ืžื™ ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื”? ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื›ื ื‘ื™ื? ื•ืื™ื ื• ืืœื 'ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื• ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื', ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงืืคื—]" (ื™ืฉ' ื›ื—, ื–โ€“ื˜).


ื”. ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ "ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืจื™ื"


ื”"ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš" ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ. ื’'ื•ื—ื ืงืืจื• ื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืœ"ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืจื™ื" ื•ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืฆืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ. ืžื–ืืช ื ืœืžื“ ืขืœ-ื›ืš ืฉื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืœืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื– โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ืฉืœื“ ืกืคืจื• ื”ื•ื ืชืขืชื™ืง ืœืฉืœื“ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืขืงื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงืชื™ืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื“ืจืš ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉืจื” ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ื”. ื•ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, "ืœื•ื— ื”ืื" ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.


ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช ืžืกืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื– ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื•ืžื” ืขื ื—ื›ืžื™ ืกืคืจื“? ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื? ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืœื ืžื•ืชื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช? ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• "ื—ื›ืžื™ ืกืคืจื“", ื›ื™ ืœื•ื— ื”ืื ืฉืœื”ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื-ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื–ืขื ื•ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืขืง ืขืœ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื– ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™. ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืงื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืจืฆืขื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืฉืื™ืคืชื ื”ืขื–ื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื” ื—ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืขื˜ืช.


ื•. ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื


ื ื•ืกื— "ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”" ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ. ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื”ื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ืกื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืฃ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืงื ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ื•ืœืขืงืฉ ืืช ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืขื™ื ื ื”ืจืขื” ื•ืœื ืคืฉื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” (ืจืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ: 'ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื', ื‘ืคืจืง 'ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืงืœืฃ ื•ื”ื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืก'). ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื“ื” ืงืืคื— ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืœืกืคืจ "ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช" (ืขืž' ื˜ื•): "ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื ืคื’ื ื•ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžืช". ืืš ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ื ื•ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ ื•ื ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.


ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื•: "ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”".


ื–. ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื”ืจืž"ื


ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื• ืœ"ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš" ืืช ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”"ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš". ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืœื”ื˜ื•ืชื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืื’ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื”ืจืž"ื ื›ืจ ื ื•ื— ืžืื“ ืœื“ื’ื•ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.


ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจื ื™ ืจื™"ืฉ-ื‘ื™"ืช ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื™ื™ืœืœ "ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™" ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื”ื’ ืœื–ืขื•ืง ืืช ื–ืขืงืช ื”"ืงื•ื–ืืง ื”ื ื’ื–ืœ" ืขืœ ืงืืจื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื–ืขื•ืง ื‘ื”ืชื—ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื’ื–ืœื• ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืืช ื”ื“ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืคืกืง, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืกืคืจื•, ืœืื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ื”ืจื•ึนืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• "ืžืงื•ืคื—ื™ื". ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื ืฉืœ ืงืืจื• ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื ื”ื ื’ื–ืœื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืจืื™ืชื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฉื•"ืข ื”ื•ื 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.


ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช! ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืžื™ื˜ ืžืกืคืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืื’ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ืœื ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื”! ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืจืง ืžืคืงืคืง ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช, ื›ืœ-ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื—ืง ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ื•, ื•ืžืกื™ื— ื•ืžื“ื™ื— ืืช ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืชื—ืชื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช:


"ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืคืงืคืง ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืืœื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช [ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื—ืง ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ื•ืžืชืขื” ืืช ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช] โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื ืงืจื ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก ื•ืงื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื‚ื ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื•, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: 'ื”ึฒืœื•ึนื ืžึฐืฉึทื‚ื ึฐืึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึถืฉึฐื‚ื ึธื ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึฐืงื•ึนืžึฐืžึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืชึฐืงื•ึนื˜ึธื˜' [ืชื”' ืงืœื˜, ื›ื]" (ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืจื‘ื ื• ืœืคืจืง ื—ืœืง).


ื—. ื”ื—ืœืคืช "ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”" ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื


ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืืช ืกืคืจื•ึน ืœืื—ืจ "ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”", ืงืืจื• ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื•ื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืื—ืจื™ "ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”"? "ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื• ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ื•ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื•, ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื•, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื•, ื‘ื›ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•" (ืงืืคื— ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื‘ื•ืื• ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื”ืคืฆืชื• ืืช ืกืคืจื•, ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ื”ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืžื•ึนืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื•ึผืœ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ืžื ืฉืžืช ืืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจื” ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื ืืœ ืขื•ืœื.


ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืกื™ืœื•ืฃ ื•ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœื’ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืžื™ ื ืขื“ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืขื•ืฃ. ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ื ื›ื‘ืœืช ื•ื ืื ืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืคืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืื•ื•ืชื•. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืš ืขืœืชื” ืœื ื•, ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ืขื•ื˜ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืžื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ืงื™ื ื˜ืžืื™ื ืขืœ ืจืืฉื”. ื”ื“ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืกื›ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžืงื“ืฉืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ืžื“ืข, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื–ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืžืขืžื™ืงื” โ€“ ื•ืขืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื” (ื‘, ื›ื‘):


"ื•ึฐืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื ึฐื˜ึทืขึฐืชึดึผื™ืšึฐ ืฉึนื‚ืจึตืง ื›ึปึผืœึนึผื” ื–ึถืจึทืข ืึฑืžึถืช ื•ึฐืึตื™ืšึฐ ื ึถื”ึฐืคึทึผื›ึฐืชึฐึผ ืœึดื™ ืกื•ึผืจึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึถึผืคึถืŸ ื ึธื›ึฐืจึดื™ึธึผื”?".


ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืจืชื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืคืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืจืื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืžืขืœืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.


ื”ืื ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืคืช ื™ืขืงืจื• ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื•ืชื ื•ื™ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืืžืช? ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืชื ืขืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืงืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจื•: "ืึทืšึฐ ืฉึถืืงึถืจ ื ึธื—ึฒืœื•ึผ ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึถื‘ึถืœ ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึธึผื ืžื•ึนืขึดื™ืœ" (ืฉื ื˜ื–, ื™ื˜). ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื.


ื˜. ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”"ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš" ื›ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกื™ื ื™


ื‘ื”ืื“ืจืช ืฉืžื• ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ืงืืจื• ืžึฐืฉืึทื•ึผึถื” ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”-ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื ื‘ื™ื! ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืจืฅ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื”ืจื—ืงืชื ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื”. ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื–ื” ื•ืกื›ืœ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™, ื•ืจื•ืžื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืš, ื•ื›ืš ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื ืœืขื ื—ื›ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ.


ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ "ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ" ืื• ืขืœ "ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžื™ื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ" ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื•" ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื, ื•ืขื•ื“-ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชื›ืกื™ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ื•ืช ืœืžื›ืฉืคื™ื”ื ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืœื™ื, ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืืœื ื›ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื”ื ื™ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.


ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื– ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื“ืช ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืืœื ืจืง ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืืžืจื• ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืงืจ ื•ื”ืืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืชืคืฉื• ื•ื™ืงื ื• ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ืš ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช.


ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืกืคืจ "ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื" ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงืืจื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืงืืจื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืจื‘ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ืงืืจื•: "ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• โ€“ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ":


"ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืกืงืจื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื”, ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืžืจืŸ ืžื’ื™ื“" (ืคืจืง ื‘, ืขืž' 35); "ื“ื•ืžื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืžืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ื“, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืฉื 'ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื'" (ืคืจืง ื’, ืขืž' 49).


ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืชื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืจื‘ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘ ืฉื:


[ื] "ืืฉืจ ืœืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ [...] ื•ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ ื‘'ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช' ืฉืœื•: 'ื‘ืฉื ื” ื™"ื– ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” (1557) ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืจ"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• ื–"ืœ ืœืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืจ' ืžืฉื” ืืœืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•, ืฉื™ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื“ ืœืœืžื“ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ืจ"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื•, ื•ื’ื ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื–"ืœ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื ืžืจื™, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘, ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื™' [ืข"ื› ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉืื—ืฅ ื•ื”ืฉื‚ืจืจื”]".


ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืงืืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ.


[ื‘] "ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืจืŸ [ืžืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืœ ื”ื˜ืžื‘ืœ ื“ืจื–ื ื™ืฅ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ 'ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™']: 'ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื•ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ื ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืœืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ืš ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื•, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ืชื ื™. ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืืœืคืš ื‘ื™ื ื”. ื›ืžื” ืžืชืคืืจ ื‘ืš ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•. ืืฉืจื™ ืœื•, ืืฉืจื™ ื™ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื•, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžืš ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืš ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ. ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ืœืš ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืชืคื ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืขื•ืชื“ื™ืŸ ืœืš, ื—ื–ืง ื•ืืžืฅ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”', ื•ืขืชื” ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื“ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”... ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืœื™ ื”ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืกืคืจ, ื•ืงืจื ืื•ืชื• 'ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“' [...] ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฉื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ื•ืœืžื“ ืžืžื ื• ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”" ื•ื›ื•'.


ื’ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืœืงืืจื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคืช ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื’ืขืœื”. ื•ืื’ื‘, ื’ื ื”ืขืจืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืื™ ืœื”ืืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคืœื•ืชื•.


ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ


ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”"ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš" ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืื•ืžื” ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืœื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื—ืจืช ื˜ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื˜ืขื”. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ื“ืข, ื›ื™ ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื" ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•! ื•ื’ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ื“ื—ืช ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื‘ืงืช ืจื•ื›ืœ (ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœืงืืจื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ 'ืจื•ื›ืœ', ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกื•ื—ืจ ืฉืกื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืชื ื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืคืจื•-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช). ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืืช "ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื", ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืช ืืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช?


ืงืืจื• ื’ืจื ืœื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื ื–ืง ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื›ืžื™-ื™ื•ืขืฆื™-ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืคืจื•-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช โ€“ ื“ืช ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฆืฆื” ื‘ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ื“ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ืืœื”ื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื“ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื“ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืื’ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ืœืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื•ื ื• ืžื ืฉื•ื.


ื•ืขื•ื•ื ื• ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืขื•ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช, ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืžืช ื™ืฉืจื™-ื”ืœื‘ื‘, ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื–ืจื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ึดืœื›ื•ืช "ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”" ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ืงืืจื• ืžืชืขืชืข: ื›ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืฉื˜ ืืช ื˜ืœืคื™ื• ืœื•ืžืจ "ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืื ื™". ื‘ืจื, ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืž"ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”" ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฉืื™ืคืชื• ื•ืœืžื’ืžืชื•: ื”ื—ืจื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื—ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืจืฉืขื•ืชื• โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืขื™ื™ืช ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืœ ืœืฆื“ ื”ึดืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช. ื•ืงืืจื• ื”ืงืจืื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื–ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืกืคื—ื ืœืชื "ืš ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื”ืžืชื•ืขื‘ืช.


ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื (ื›ื’, ื›ื”โ€“ืœื‘) ืขืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ:


"ืฉืึธืžึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึตืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดืึดื™ื ื”ึทื ึผึดื‘ึผึฐืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึดื™ ืฉืึถืงึถืจ ืœึตืืžึนืจ: ื—ึธืœึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™ ื—ึธืœึธืžึฐืชึผึดื™ [=ื•ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืชื ื ื’ืœื• ืœื”ื ืžื’ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื]. ืขึทื“ ืžึธืชึทื™ ื”ึฒื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึฐืœึตื‘ ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดืึดื™ื ื ึดื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืงึถืจ ื•ึผื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตื™ ืชึผึทืจึฐืžึดืช ืœึดื‘ึผึธื. ื”ึทื—ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐื›ึผึดื™ื—ึท ืึถืช ืขึทืžึผึดื™ ืฉืึฐืžึดื™ [=ืœืžื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื•] ื‘ึผึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžึนืชึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึฐืกึทืคึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืœึฐืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฉืึธื›ึฐื—ื•ึผ ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึธื ืึถืช ืฉืึฐืžึดื™ ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึธืขึทืœ. [...] ืœึธื›ึตืŸ ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดืึดื™ื ื ึฐืึปื ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืžึฐื’ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึตื™ ื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึทื™ ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึตืึตืช ืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ. ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื ื ึฐืึปื ื™ึฐื™ึธ ื”ึทืœึผึนืงึฐื—ึดื™ื ืœึฐืฉืื•ึนื ึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึดื ึฐืึฒืžื•ึผ ื ึฐืึปื. ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ืขึทืœ ื ึดื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ ื—ึฒืœึนืžื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืงึถืจ ื ึฐืึปื ื™ึฐื™ึธ ื•ึทื™ึฐืกึทืคึผึฐืจื•ึผื ื•ึทื™ึผึทืชึฐืขื•ึผ ืึถืช ืขึทืžึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดืงึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐืคึทื—ึฒื–ื•ึผืชึธื ื•ึฐืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืœึนื ืฉืึฐืœึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฆึดื•ึผึดื™ืชึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืขึตื™ืœ ืœึนื ื™ื•ึนืขึดื™ืœื•ึผ ืœึธืขึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื ึฐืึปื ื™ึฐื™ึธ".

ื”ืืžื ื ื”ืฉื•''ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืจืžื‘''ื
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