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ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื

ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื•ืคื ื”, ืื•ื›ืœ, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื”, ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืžื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื”.


ื˜ืจื ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื–ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชืชืคืจืกื ื•ืชื–ื›ื” ื‘ืื”ื“ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ. ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉื–ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืชืงื•ืช ืืช ืœื‘ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื ื‘ื”ืคืงื™ืจื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื”ื•, ืœื—ื ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข โ€“ ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.


ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจื ื•ืืจ (ืฆืจืคืช, 1841โ€“1919), ื•ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืฉื”. ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• (ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, 1475โ€“1564) ืขืกืง ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืืฉื”, ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ืžืชื™ืช ืืฃ ืžืขื˜ืจืช ืืช ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (ืจืื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืงืคืœื” ื”ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช). ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืืžื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข, ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื ืขืœื” ืžืื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื”, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช. ืžื”ื• ืืคื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื”?


ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื”ึธ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ืขืช ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื ื•ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืชืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืคืกืง-ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืžื˜ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืœืชืช ืœื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”. ื•ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกืขื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™-ืฉืืžืจ-ื•ื”ื™ื”-ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.


ื. ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื


ืจื‘ื ื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืคืจืงื™ ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืžืกื›ืช ืื‘ื•ืช. ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื: "ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”' ื™ืชื”ื“ืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžื, ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ "ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, [ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•] ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•". ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• "ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื• ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื• ื•ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื• ื•ื™ืงื™ืฆืชื• ื•ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ื•ืชื ื•ื—ืชื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืžืฆื ื”ื ืคืฉ ืืช ื›ืœื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืฉืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช".


ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ืืจ, ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื ืื”, ืืœื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืฉื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืืœื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ื•ืื ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขืจื‘ โ€“ ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื•ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•.


ื‘ืจื, ืื ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื—ืœืฉื” ืชืื•ื•ืชื ืœืžืื›ืœ, ืื– ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช ืžืื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ื•ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืชืื•ื•ืชื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืื• ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืžื—ื•ืœืฉืชื” ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืื™ื–ื•ื ื”. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืขืฆื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื” ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.


ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ึนื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•: "ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” [=ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ] ื™ืกื™ืจื ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคืืจ, ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื ืื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžืกื™ืจ ืฉืขืžื•ื ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืžืžื ื”".


ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืฉืืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžืจืคืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืชื”. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ ื”ืคืจื•-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ื—ืžืจื” ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื’ืคื ื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื˜ืจืช ื”' ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื ืชื™ื™ืกืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคืืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืขื ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”'! ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™, ืฉืžื–ืœื–ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืืฃ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืขืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžื ื•.


ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ: "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื ืื•ืช", ืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื›ืš? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ืฉื ื”ืžืœืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœืฆื•ืช ืžืคื•ืืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ืคืืจ ื•ื”ื“ืจ. ืื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ืื• ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžื—ื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉื•. ืื’ื‘, ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื โ€“ ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ื ื—ืช ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืขื ืŸ ื•ืœืจืคื ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืžืœึผึตืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื˜ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื•.


ื‘. ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ืช?


ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœึตื™ ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื ืคืฉื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช: ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžื ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื. ืืžื ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”', ืžืžื™ืœื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืืžืช.


ื•ื›ึนื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื ื• ืฉื:


"[ื•ืื–] ื™ื”ื™ื” [ื”ืื“ื] ืคื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื™ืชืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“. ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” [=ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื] ืœื ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื•, ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ืื ื ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืกืœืง ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื. ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืืžืจื• [ื—ื–"ืœ]: 'ื“ื™ืจื” ื ืื” ื•ืืฉื” ื ืื” ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื ืื™ื ื•ืžื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื' [ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื” ืข"ื‘, ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื– ืข"ื‘]".


ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืชื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช! ื ืžืฆื ืืคื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•! ื•ืื ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ื™ื—ื™ื, ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื’ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืขืžืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช, ืื™ืš ืœื ืชื—ืœื” ื ืคืฉื•?


ืขืœ ื–ืืช ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื:


"ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ืชืœืื”, ื•ืชื™ื˜ืžื˜ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื’ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืฉ ื•ืื– ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื•ื ื•. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืึผึธืงื˜ [=ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข] ื•ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื ื—ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืชืกืชืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื”ืœึผึตืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื•: 'ื›ื™ ื—ืœืฉื™ ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžื’ืจืกื'. ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืืœื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืจืข ื•ืœื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื".


ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขื•ืกืงืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืฉื›ืœื™ ืžืžื•ืฉืš, ื‘ืกื•ืคื•-ืฉืœ-ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืชืชืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื ื–ืง, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื•ึผืžืฅ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ื–ืง. ื•ืžื”ื™ ืžื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ? ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช! ืืžื ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช-ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืืžืจื•ึน "ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ" ื•ื›ื•', ื›ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื”ื˜ืช ื”ืชืื•ื•ืช.


ื’. ืžื”ื ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช?


ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื ืฉืจื˜ื˜ ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื•ื: ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืžืชื ื’ืฉืช ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ืขื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืช ืžืฉื” โ€“ ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” โ€“ ืžืื•ืกื” ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช.


ืืชืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช: ื’ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“-ืืค ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืจืคื ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืจื’ืขื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื”ื. ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ืคื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ื™ืžื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืืš ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“-ืืค ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืฉืคืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ื•ืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื•ืคืข ื›ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื–ืืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืช.


ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืคืข ืกื˜ื ื“-ืืค, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืชื•ืขืœืชื” ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืชื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืกืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช ืžื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื”ื.


ื ืฆืจืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื•ืืช ืจื ื•ืืจ, ืฉืœื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ (1830โ€“1902), ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืขื "ืžึธื” ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึผ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึฐื™ึธ" (ืชื”' ืงื“, ื›ื“), ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.


ื ืžืฆื ืืคื•ื, ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื•ื: ื›ืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืจืคื ื•ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื•ืœื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื• ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืžื” ื•ื‘ื’ืกื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื โ€“ ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื“ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื–ื•ื”ืžื”, ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื• ื—ื•ืœื™. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื›ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืจืคืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืจืคืื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ืืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื• ื—ื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•.


ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžึดืœึผึตืื•ึผืชึธื”: ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื–ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื, ืกืจื˜ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžื“ืข, ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื–ื™ืžืชื™ืช, ืืฃ ืืœื” ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ืœืจืขื ื ื” ื•ืœื–ื›ึผื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื, ืœืจื•ืžืžื” ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื ื™ืชืขืœื”, ื•ืœืžืœื ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื— ืœื ืคืฉื•.


ื“. ื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื?


ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื ื—ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืจื, ืžื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื—ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉืจืฆื•ื™ ืžืื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืจ ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ื•ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉื. ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“, ื›ื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงืŸ ื•ืจืขื ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื•ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.


ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ืื“ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืจืข ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืœื—ื™ื ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื—ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ืื ื ื—ื ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื•ืœื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืžืฉื™ื›ืชื• ืœืชื—ื•ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ืื ื• ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื›ืœื™ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื ืคืฉ ืฉื ื“ื—ืงืช ื•ื ื—ืกืžืช ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื ืฉื•ื.


ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉืž' ืœื, ืโ€“ื•), ื”ืœื ื”ื ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื•ืื”ืœื™ืื‘:


"ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืœึผึตืืžึนืจ, ืจึฐืึตื” ืงึธืจึธืืชึดื™ ื‘ึฐืฉืึตื ื‘ึผึฐืฆึทืœึฐืึตืœ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืื•ึผืจึดื™ ื‘ึถืŸ ื—ื•ึผืจ ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึตื” ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ื•ึธืึฒืžึทืœึผึตื ืึนืชื•ึน ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื“ึทืขึทืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื”, ืœึทื—ึฐืฉืึนื‘ ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึนืช ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึทื–ึผึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื‘ึทื ึผึฐื—ึนืฉืึถืช, ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืจึนืฉืึถืช ืึถื‘ึถืŸ ืœึฐืžึทืœึผึนืืช ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืจึนืฉืึถืช ืขึตืฅ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื”, ื•ึทืึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ืึดืชึผื•ึน ืึตืช ืึธื”ึณืœึดื™ืึธื‘ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืึฒื—ึดื™ืกึธืžึธืšึฐ ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึตื” ื“ึธืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืœึตื‘ ื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึฒื›ึทื ืœึตื‘ ื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึดื™ืชึดืšึธ".


ื•ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื ืืžืจืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ืœื” (ืœโ€“ืœื”):


"ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืจึฐืื•ึผ ืงึธืจึธื ื™ึฐื™ึธ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตื ื‘ึผึฐืฆึทืœึฐืึตืœ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืื•ึผืจึดื™ ื‘ึถืŸ ื—ื•ึผืจ ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึตื” ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ื•ึทื™ึฐืžึทืœึผึตื ืึนืชื•ึน ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื‘ึผึดืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื“ึทืขึทืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื”, ื•ึฐืœึทื—ึฐืฉืึนื‘ ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึนืช ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึนืช ื‘ึผึทื–ึผึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื‘ึทื ึผึฐื—ึนืฉืึถืช, ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืจึนืฉืึถืช ืึถื‘ึถืŸ ืœึฐืžึทืœึผึนืืช ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืจึนืฉืึถืช ืขึตืฅ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึถืช, ื•ึผืœึฐื”ื•ึนืจึนืช ื ึธืชึทืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึฐืึธื”ึณืœึดื™ืึธื‘ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืึฒื—ึดื™ืกึธืžึธืšึฐ ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึตื” ื“ึธืŸ, ืžึดืœึผึตื ืึนืชึธื ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึทืช ืœึตื‘ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ื—ึธืจึธืฉื ื•ึฐื—ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื•ึฐืจึนืงึตื ื‘ึผึทืชึผึฐื›ึตืœึถืช ื•ึผื‘ึธืึทืจึฐื’ึผึธืžึธืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืœึทืขึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึผืึตืฉื ื•ึฐืึนืจึตื’ ืขึนืฉื‚ึตื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ื•ึฐื—ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึนืช".


ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื•ืื”ืœื™ืื‘ ื‘ื ื• ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืืจ ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจ, ื•ื’ื ืžื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืจืฆืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžื ื•ืœื”ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืจืืชื• ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื•.


"ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื‘ึฐืฆึทืœึฐืึตืœ ื•ึฐืึธื”ึณืœึดื™ืึธื‘ ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ื—ึฒื›ึทื ืœึตื‘ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ื™ึฐื™ึธ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึผืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึตืžึผึธื” ืœึธื“ึทืขึทืช ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื™ึฐื™ึธ" (ืฉืž' ืœื•, ื).


ื”. ื”ื˜ื‘ืข โ€“ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”ื™ืช


ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื ื•ืชืง ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” โ€“ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืคืœื. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืืžืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืจืง ืžืจืคืืช ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ืชืจ-ื—ืฉืง ื‘ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”', ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ: ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื "ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™-ืฉืืžืจ-ื•ื”ื™ื”-ื”ืขื•ืœื".


ื ืžืฆื, ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืคื ื•ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ึทืช ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”' ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•! ื•ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ. ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืจืขื ื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื—ืฉืง ื•ืื”ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืžื™-ืฉืืžืจ-ื•ื”ื™ื”-ื”ืขื•ืœื.


ื•. "ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึถื™ืšึธ ื“ึธืขึตื”ื•ึผ" โ€“ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”


ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืคืจืงื™ ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”' ื™ืชืขืœื” โ€“ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื• ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉื•ื ืžืœื”, ืืœื-ืื-ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ื”ืžืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื” ืื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื”.


ื•ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื”, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื™ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืขืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื ืฉื’ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืจืง ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™-ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืืœื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืฉืืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ.


ื•ื›ึนื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืคืจืงื™ ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืื‘ื•ืช:


"ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ืชืขืœื” ืžืžื ื•, ืฉืชื”ื ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื‘ืืžืจื•ึน: 'ื•ึฐืึธื”ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืช ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ' [ื“ื‘' ื•, ื”], ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื ืคืฉืš, ืฉืชืฉื™ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ื: 'ืœึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ืึถืช ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ' [ื“ื‘' ื™ื˜, ื˜]. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ืจื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจ: 'ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึถื™ืšึธ ื“ึธืขึตื”ื•ึผ' [ืžืฉ' ื’, ื•], ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืžืจื•: ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืชืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืื™ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื".


ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืกื›ื ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ึนื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•:


"ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœื ืžืื“-ืžืื“, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ื, ืื™ืš ื ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื•, ืชื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืœื”ื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื–ื•: 'ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื'".


ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื”? ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘: ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื...


ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ื ื”ืจ ื˜ืื”ื•, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืืช ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ 1868.

ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘''ื
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