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ื”ืชื•ืงืจืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ื‘ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”?

[ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช "ืืคื™ืงื™ื" ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข, ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืœ"ื˜, ืขืž' 20].


ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ "ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ"


ื›ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืœ"ื˜, ื‘ืจ"ืฅ ืœืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, 23.5.79

ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“

ืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื™ื“

ืžื ื”ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ

ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืื“ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื‘ื“!


ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ: ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ ื”ืงืจื ืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” โ€“ "ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ"


ืื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช "ืืคื™ืงื™ื", ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”-ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช-ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžืš ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” โ€“ "ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืชืขืœืžืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื“ืžื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช. ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืžืŸ ื ืื—ื–ืช ื‘ืื“ืžืช ืื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ืจืง ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื.


ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882, ื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืชืจืž"ื‘, ืงื“ืžื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœ"ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืžืกืคืจื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืžืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช 14 ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœ"ื• ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืฆืืจื™ืช. ืฉืืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืขืœื• ืืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื—ืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืœืขื ื—ืกืจ ืžื•ืœื“ืช.


ื’ื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืื•ืœื, ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื ื™ืืœื™ ื–"ืœ ืœืชื™ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”.


ื‘ื—ืชื™ืจืชื ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืขื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืคืœื• ืžื”ื ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ืชืœืื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื ื”ืจืชื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœืืœ ื™ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืจืฆื”, ื•ื–ืืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืฉืื™ืคืชื ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืคืœื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื, ืจืขื‘ ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ. ืขืœ ืชืœืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.


ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” ื“ื ืŸ?


ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช, ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ืœื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.


ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื ื•ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.


ืื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื "ืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.


ืื ืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจื ืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” ืชื™ืฉืงืœ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง.


ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืขืฆืช "ืืคื™ืงื™ื" ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ,

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื—ื•ื—-ื”ืœื•ื™


[ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ:]


ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ

ื˜ื– ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœ"ื˜, 11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1979

ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื—ื•ื—-ื”ืœื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ "ืืคื™ืงื™ื"

ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ 21, ืจืžืช ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžืจ ื“ื—ื•ื—-ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“,


ื”ื ื ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ืžื›ืชื‘ืš ืžื™ื•ื 23.5.79 ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœื™ ืžืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื” "ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ".


ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื’ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืชื. ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™-ืขื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”. ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืชื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ืœืชืจื•ืžืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืจ' ื™ืจื•ืŸ


[ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืœืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ:]


ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช "ืืคื™ืงื™ื" ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืชื™ืžืŸ


ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื—ืžืงื ื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ:


ื) ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืœืคื™ื• ืžื•ืคืงืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื˜ืจื ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื“ ื›ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ.


ื‘) ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฆืœ"ืฉ โ€“ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช "ืืคื™ืงื™ื", ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื™ื“, ืžืจ ื™ื’ืืœ ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืกื“ืจื”, ื•ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืžืŸ โ€“ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื’ื™ืœื“ืช ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขื“ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชืžืœื™ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” "ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ".


ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช:


1) ื”ืืžื ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืชื–ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ืขืจื‘, ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘"ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื•ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ืชืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ืขืจื‘, ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ?


2) ืžื™ ื™ืงื‘ืข ืžื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ืื• ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืจื•ืŸ "ื”ืฆื’ื” ื ืื•ืชื”", ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื˜ื ื ืืžื ื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ืขืจื‘, ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ โ€“ ืื•ืชื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืžื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื”?


ืขืžื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“: ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ืขืจื‘, ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืžื” ื—ืœืงื ื‘"ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื” ืจืข ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื”. ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืš ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ืขืจื‘, ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ. ื•ืืช ื–ืืช ืื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ.

ื”ืชื•ืงืจืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ื‘ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”
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